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ハプログループA (mtDNA)[はぷろぐるーぷ]
ハプログループA (mtDNA)（ハプログループA (ミトコンドリアDNA)、）とは、分子人類学で用いられる、人類のミトコンドリアDNAハプログループ（型集団）の分類のうち、ハプログループNを祖先に持ち「152, 235, 523-524d, 663, 1736, 4248, 4824, 8794, 16290, 16319」により定義されるものである〔van Oven, Mannis; Manfred Kayser (13 Oct 2008). "Updated comprehensive phylogenetic tree of global human mitochondrial DNA variation". Human Mutation 30 (2): E386–E394. doi:10.1002/humu.20921. PMID 18853457. Retrieved 2009-05-20. 〕。東アジア北部にて50000-30000年前に誕生した〔Fagundes, Nelson J.R.; Ricardo Kanitz, Roberta Eckert, Ana C.S. Valls, Mauricio R. Bogo, Francisco M. Salzano, David Glenn Smith, Wilson A. Silva, Marco A. Zago, Andrea K. Ribeiro-dos-Santos, Sidney E.B. Santos, Maria Luiza Petzl-Erler, and Sandro L.Bonatto (2008). "Mitochondrial Population Genomics Supports a Single Pre-Clovis Origin with a Coastal Route for the Peopling of the Americas" (PDF). American Journal of Human Genetics 82 (3): 583–592. doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2007.11.013. PMC 2427228. PMID 18313026. Retrieved 2009-11-19. 〕。
==分布==
下位系統のA2はチュクチ・カムチャツカ系民族とアメリカ先住民に高頻度に見られる〔Tanaka, Masashi et al. (2004). "Mitochondrial Genome Variation in Eastern Asia and the Peopling of Japan". Genome Research 14 (10A): 1832–1850. doi:10.1101/gr.2286304. PMC 524407. PMID 15466285. 〕〔Fagundes, Nelson J.R.; Ricardo Kanitz, Roberta Eckert, Ana C.S. Valls, Mauricio R. Bogo, Francisco M. Salzano, David Glenn Smith, Wilson A. Silva, Marco A. Zago, Andrea K. Ribeiro-dos-Santos, Sidney E.B. Santos, Maria Luiza Petzl-Erler, and Sandro L.Bonatto (2008). "Mitochondrial Population Genomics Supports a Single Pre-Clovis Origin with a Coastal Route for the Peopling of the Americas" (PDF). American Journal of Human Genetics 82 (3): 583–592. doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2007.11.013. PMC 2427228. PMID 18313026. Retrieved 2009-11-19. 〕。
その他の系統A(xA2)はそれほど高頻度でないが、アジアにおいて広くみられる〔Ville N Pimenoff, David Comas, Jukka U Palo ''et al.'', "Northwest Siberian Khanty and Mansi in the junction of West and East Eurasian gene pools as revealed by uniparental markers", ''European Journal of Human Genetics'' (2008) 16, 1254–1264; doi:10.1038/ejhg.2008.101〕〔Noriyuki Fuku, Kyong Soo Park, Yoshiji Yamada ''et al.'', "Mitochondrial Haplogroup N9a Confers Resistance against Type 2 Diabetes in Asians", ''Am. J. Hum. Genet.'' 2007; 80:407–415. DOI: 10.1086/512202〕。アジアでは、A(xA2)は特に、中国南西部、チベット人などのチベット・ビルマ系民族である程度(6/65 = 9.2%,〔Tanaka, Masashi et al. (2004). "Mitochondrial Genome Variation in Eastern Asia and the Peopling of Japan". Genome Research 14 (10A): 1832–1850. doi:10.1101/gr.2286304. PMC 524407. PMID 15466285. 〕 25/216 = 11.6%,〔Fuyun Ji, Mark S. Sharpley, Olga Derbeneva ''et al.'', "Mitochondrial DNA variant associated with Leber hereditary optic neuropathy and high-altitude Tibetans", ''PNAS'' (May 8, 2012), vol. 109, no. 19, 7391–7396. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1202484109〕 11/73 = 15.1%〔)みられる。また朝鮮民族の約7∼15%〔Miroslava Derenko, Boris Malyarchuk, Tomasz Grzybowski ''et al.'', "Phylogeographic Analysis of Mitochondrial DNA in Northern Asian Populations", ''Am. J. Hum. Genet.'' 2007;81:1025–1041. DOI: 10.1086/522933〕〔Han-Jun Jin, Chris Tyler-Smith and Wook Kim, "The Peopling of Korea Revealed by Analyses of Mitochondrial DNA and Y-Chromosomal Markers" ''PLoS ONE'' (2009) 〕〔Qing-Peng Kong, Yong-Gang Yao, Mu Liu ''et al.'', "Mitochondrial DNA sequence polymorphisms of five ethnic populations from northern China", ''Hum Genet'' (2003) 113 : 391–405. 〕
、日本人の約5~12%、〔Tanaka, Masashi et al. (2004). "Mitochondrial Genome Variation in Eastern Asia and the Peopling of Japan". Genome Research 14 (10A): 1832–1850. doi:10.1101/gr.2286304. PMC 524407. PMID 15466285. 〕〔Kazuo Umetsu, Masashi Tanaka, Isao Yuasa ''et al.'', "Multiplex amplified product-length polymorphism analysis of 36 mitochondrial single-nucleotide polymorphisms for haplogrouping of East Asian populations", ''Electrophoresis'' (2005), 26, 91–98. DOI 10.1002/elps.200406129〕〔Asari M ''et al.'', "Utility of haplogroup determination for forensic mtDNA analysis in the Japanese population", ''Leg Med'' (2007), doi:10.1016/j.legalmed.2007.01.007〕〔Zheng H-X, Yan S, Qin Z-D, Wang Y, Tan J-Z, et al. 2011 Major Population Expansion of East Asians Began before Neolithic Time: Evidence of mtDNA Genomes. PLoS ONE 6(10): e25835. 〕、モンゴル人の4~13%〔〔〔、漢民族の約3~9%〔が属す。ベトナム人〔、タタール人〔Boris Malyarchuk, Miroslava Derenko, Galina Denisova, and Olga Kravtsova, "Mitogenomic Diversity in Tatars from the Volga-Ural Region of Russia", ''Mol. Biol. Evol.'' 27(10):2220–2226. (2010) doi:10.1093/molbev/msq065〕、トルコ人 ペルシャ人、タジク人〔 、オーストロネシア系民族〔Kristina A. Tabbada, Jean Trejaut, Jun-Hun Loo ''et al.'', "Philippine Mitochondrial DNA Diversity: A Populated Viaduct between Taiwan and Indonesia?", ''Mol. Biol. Evol.'' 27(1):21–31. (2010) doi:10.1093/molbev/msp215〕でもみられる。
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